习主席点赞四种“伟大民族精神”
| ?The Rock”[1][2] | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Географи?а | |
| Површина | 108.860 km2 |
| Обала | 9.656 km |
| Висина | 814 m |
| На?виши врх | Кабокс |
| Администраци?а | |
| На?ве?и град | Сент ?онс |
| ?уфаундленд и Лабрадор | |
| Демографи?а | |
| Становништво | 477787 (2016) |
| Густина ст. | 4,39 стан./km2 |
| Додатне информаци?е | |
| [3] | |
?уфаундленд (енгл. Newfoundland,[4] фр. Terre-Neuve, лат. Terra Nova),[5] велико ?е острво на североисточно? обали Северно? Америци и на?насе?ени?и део канадске провинци?е ?уфаундленд и Лабрадор. Острву ?уфаундленд (првобитно названо Terra Nova) ?е вероватно име дао Итали?ан ?он Кабот 1497, што ?е на?стари?и европски назив у Северно? Америци. Провинци?а у ко?о? се ово острво налазило звала се ?уфаундленд до 2001, када ?е преименована у ?уфаундленд и Лабрадор (поштанска скра?еница ?е проме?ена из NF у NL). ?уфаундленд ?е одво?ен од полуострва Лабрадор пролазом Бел Ил, а од Острва Ке?п Бретон Каботовим пролазом. Он затвара уш?е реке Сен Лорен, ствара?у?и Залив Сен Лоренс, на?ве?и залив на свету. На?ближи сусед ?уфаундленда ?е мала прекоморска за?едница Свети П?ер и Микелон.
Површина острва ?е 108,860 km2 и по томе ?е 16. по величини острво на свету.[6] ?уфаундленд и придружена мала острва има?у укупну површину од 111.390 квадратних километара.[7] Главни град провинци?е Сент ?онс, основан ?е на ?угоисточном врху острва. Ке?п Спиер, ?ужно од града ?е на?источни?а тачка Канаде. Острво има око 485.000 становника.
Становници ?уфаундленд изговара?у ??у-фин-ленд“ или ??у-фан-ленд“. На ?уфаундленду се говори ди?алектом енглеског ?езика познатом као ??уфаундлендски енглески“, ди?алектом француског ?езика познатом као ??уфаундлендски француски“ и ди?алектом ирског ?езика познатог као ??уфаундлендски ирски“. Према званично? статистици пописа становништва Канаде из 2006. године, 57% становника ?уфаундленда и Лабрадора ?е навело да су британског или ирског порекла, при чему 43,2% тврди да им ?е на?ма?е ?едан родите? Енглез, 21,5% на?ма?е ?едан родите? Ирац, а 7% на?ма?е ?едан родите? шкотског порекла. Поред тога, 6,1% тврди да ?е бар ?едан родите? француског порекла.[8] Укупна популаци?а острва према попису из 2006. године износила ?е 479.105.
Истори?а
[уреди | уреди извор]?уфаундленд ?е дуго био насе?ен домородачким народима културе Дорсета, Биотацима, ко?и су говорили сада изумрли биотачки ?език.
Острво ?е вероватно посетио исландски истраживач Ле?ф Ериксон у 11. веку, ко?и ?е зем?у на ко?у ?е наишао назвао ?Винланд“.[9] Прва потвр?ена посета била ?е од стране Норди?аца ко?и су изградили привремену базу у Ланси Медоуз, норди?ско насе?е у близини на?северни?ег врха ?уфаундленда (рт Норман), ко?е ?е датирано на пре око 1000 година. Ово место се сматра ?единим неоспорним доказом о претколумбовском контакту изме?у Старог и Новог света, ако се не рачуна норди?ско-инуитски контакт на Гренланду.
Сматрало се да ?е По?нт Роси, на ?угозападу ?уфаундленда, друго норди?ско налазиште све док ископава?а 2015. и 2016. нису открила никакве доказе о присуству Норди?аца.[10]
Дана 5. августа 1583. године, Хамфри Гилберт ?е прогласио ?уфаундленд као прву прекоморска колони?у Енглеске под Кра?евском пове?ом кра?ице Елизабете I, чиме ?е званично успостав?ена претеча знатно касни?ег Британског царства.[11] ?уфаундленд се сматра на?стари?ом британском колони?ом.[12]
Имигранти су развили различите ди?алекте повезане са насе?ава?ем на острву: ?уфаундлендски енглески, ?уфаундлендски француски.[13] У 19. веку ?е тако?е посто?ао ди?алект ирског познат као ?уфаундлендски ирски.[13] Блиско сродан ди?алекат шкотском гелском тако?е ?е говорен на острву током 19. и раног 20. века, посебно у области долине Кодро?, углавном ме?у досе?еници са острва Ке?п Бретон, Нова Шкотска.[14] Гелска имена су одражавала повезаност са риболовом: на шкотском гелском острво се звало Eilean a' Trosg, дословно 'Острво бакалара';[15] Слично, ирски назив Talamh an éisc значи 'Зем?а риба'.
Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Dekel, Jon (22. 7. 2014). ?Shaun Majumder brings Burlington, Newfoundland, to the world with Majumder Manor”. National Post. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 7. 2014. г. Приступ?ено 29. 7. 2014. ?After all, it’s not every day the a famous native son of The Rock returns to its capital.”
- ^ Gunn, Malcolm (10. 7. 2014). ?The term "go anywhere" has been redefined with the redesign of a family favorite”. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 8. 2014. г. Приступ?ено 29. 7. 2014. ?Canada's 10th province is called "The Rock" for good reason.”
- ^ Population calculated by removing Labrador (27,197), Little Bay Islands (71), Miles Cove (104), Port Anson (130), Lushes Bight-Beaumont-Beaumont North (168), Pilley's Island (294), Brighton (188), Triton (983), Division No. 8, Subd. D (10), Division No. 8, Subd. H (1,900), Cottlesville (271), Summerford (906), Division No. 8, Subd. I (216), Crow Head (177), Twillingate (2,196), Change Islands (208), Fogo Island (2,244), Greenspond (266), St. Brendan's (145), Division No. 7, Subd. L (1,232), Division No. 1, Subd. R (322), Wabana (2,146), Ramea (447) and Dissemination Block. 10090097012 (108): from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador (519,716).
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ур. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18. изд.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ Both names can be found in. ?this document” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 28. 03. 2019. г. Приступ?ено 31. 01. 2023..Ikkarumikluak means "place of many shoals" while Kallunasillik means "place of many white people". It is thought the Ikkarumiklua was used before the colonization of Newfoundland and was later replaced by Kallunasillik. It is also thought that Ikkarumiklua may have been a term for the Great Northern Peninsula and not the island as a whole.
- ^ ?Atlas of Canada, Islands”. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 01. 2013. г. Приступ?ено 19. 7. 2006.
- ^ ?NL Government website: Areas”. Архивирано из оригинала 3. 10. 2006. г. Приступ?ено 26. 8. 2007.
- ^ ?2006 Statistics Canada National Census: Newfoundland and Labrador”. Statistics Canada. 28. 7. 2009. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 1. 2011. г. Приступ?ено 19. 4. 2010.
- ^ ?Leif Eriksson”. HISTORY. 10. 10. 2019.
- ^ Parcak, Sarah; Mumford, Gregory (8. 11. 2017). ?Point Rosee, Codroy Valley, NL (ClBu-07) 2016 Test Excavations under Archaeological Investigation Permit #16.26” (PDF). geraldpennyassociates.com, 42 pages. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 20. 6. 2018. г. Приступ?ено 19. 6. 2018. ?[The 2015 and 2016 excavations] found no evidence whatsoever for either a Norse presence or human activity at Point Rosee prior to the historic period. […] None of the team members, including the Norse specialists, deemed this area [Point Rosee] as having any traces of human activity.”
- ^ GILBERT (Saunders Family), SIR HUMPHREY" (history), Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto, May 2, 2005
- ^ ?The British Empire: The Map Room”. Приступ?ено 21. 6. 2010.
- ^ а б ?Language”. www.heritage.nf.ca.
- ^ Bennett, Margaret (1989). The Last Stronghold: Scottish Gaelic Traditions of Newfoundland. Breakwater Books. ISBN 978-0-920911-38-9.. Canongate, May 11, 1989.
- ^ Dwelly, Edward (1920). Illustrated Gaelic – English Dictionary.. September 2001.
Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]- Gimlette, John (2005). Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-179519-2.
- Harris, Michael (4. 11. 1993). Rare Ambition: The Crosbies of Newfoundland. Penguin Canada. ISBN 0-14-023220-6.
- Wayne Johnston. (1999). The Colony Of Unrequited Dreams. ISBN 978-0-676-97215-3.. Vintage Canada, Toronto, Ontario.
- Kevin Major, As Near To Heaven by Sea, (Toronto, 2001)
- Neary, Peter, and Patrick O'Flaherty. Part of the main : an illustrated history of Newfoundland and Labrador. 1983.
- Rowe, Frederick William (1980). A history of Newfoundland and Labrador. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. ISBN 978-0-07-092397-3.
- Barnes, Capt. William Morris. When Ships Were Ships (And Not Tin Pots), 1931. Available in digital format at Memorial University site here.
- Birkenhead, Lord. The Story of Newfoundland (2nd ed., 1920) 192pp
- Hatton, Joseph and Moses Harvey, Newfoundland: Its History and Present Condition, (London, 1883) complete text online
- MacKay, R. A (1946). Newfoundland: Economic, Diplomatic, and Strategic Studies.
- Millais, John Guille (1911). The Newfoundland Guide Book, 1911: Including Labrador and St. Pierre.? online edition; also reprinted 2009
- Moyles, Robert Gordon, ур. (1975). "Complaints is Many and Various, But the Odd Divil Likes It": Nineteenth Century Views of Newfoundland.
- Pedley, Charles.History of Newfoundland, (London, 1863) complete text online
- Prowse, D. W., A History of Newfoundland (1895), current edition 2002, Portugal Cove, Newfoundland: Boulder Publications. complete text online
- Tocque, Philip (1878). Newfoundland as It Was and Is.. (London, 1878) complete text online
- ?Atlas of Canada – Rivers”. Natural Resources Canada. 26. 10. 2004. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 03. 2012. г. Приступ?ено 19. 4. 2007.
- Joseph Smallwood (ур.). The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador.. St. John's: Newfoundland Book Publishers, (1961) (rev ed. 1984), 2 vol.; also cd-rom edition
- Bannister, Jerry. The Rule of the Admirals: Law, Custom, and Naval Government in Newfoundland, 1699–1832. U. of Toronto Press for Osgoode Society, 2003.
- Blake, Raymond B. Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland as a Province. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 252 pp.
- Cadigan, Sean T. Newfoundland and Labrador: A History U. of Toronto Press, 2009. Standard scholarly history
- Cadigan, Sean T. Hope and Deception in Conception Bay: Merchant-Settler Relations in Newfoundland, 1785–1855. U. of Toronto Press, (1995). 242 pp.
- Casey, G.J., and Elizabeth Miller, eds., Tempered Days: A Century of Newfoundland Fiction St. John's: Killick Press, 1996.
- Dickinson, Anthony B. and Sanger, Chesley W. Twentieth-Century Shore-Station Whaling in Newfoundland and Labrador. McGill-Queen's U. Press, (2005).
- Earle; Karl Mcneil (1998). ?Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States”. American Review of Canadian Studies. 28 (4): 387—411. doi:10.1080/02722019809481611.. pp : 387–411.
- English, Christopher, ed. Essays in the History of Canadian Law. Vol. 9. Two Islands: Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. U. of Toronto Press, (2005).
- FitzGerald, John Edward (1997). Conflict and culture in Irish-Newfoundland Roman Catholicism, 1829-1850 (Теза). U of Ottawa. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 11. 2021. г. Приступ?ено 31. 01. 2023.
- Fay, C. R.; Life and Labour in Newfoundland. University of Toronto Press. 1956.
- Greene, John P. Between Damnation and Starvation: Priests and Merchants in Newfoundland Politics, 1745–1855.McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2000. 340 pp.
- Guy, Raymond W. Memory is a Fickle Jade: A Collection of Historical Essays about Newfoundland and Her People. St. John's, : Creative Book Publ., 1996. 202 pp.
- Hale, David (лето 2003). ?The Newfoundland Lesson”. The International Economy. 17 (3).
- Handcock, W. Gordon (1977). Newfoundland Origins and Patterns of Migration: A Statistical and Cartographic Summary. St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.
- Handcock, W. Gordon (2003). Soe Longe as There Comes Noe Women: Origins of English Settlement in Newfoundland. Milton Ontario: Global Heritage Press.
- Harris, Leslie (1968). Newfoundland and Labrador: A Brief History.
- Hollett, Calvin (2010). Shouting, Embracing, and Dancing with Ecstasy: The Growth of Methodism in Newfoundland, 1774–1874. ISBN 978-0-7735-3671-5.
- Jackson, Lawrence (1999). Newfoundland & Labrador. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Limited. ISBN 1-55041-261-2.
- Kealey, Linda, ed. Pursuing Equality: Historical Perspectives on Women in Newfoundland and Labrador. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1993. 310 pp.
- Gene Long (1999). Suspended State: Newfoundland Before Canada. Breakwater Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55081-144-5.
- R. A. MacKay; Newfoundland; Economic, Diplomatic, and Strategic Studies. Oxford University Press. 1946.
- McCann, Phillip. Schooling in a Fishing Society: Education and Economic Conditions in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1836–1986. St. John's: Inst. of Social and Econ. Res., 1994. 277 pp.
- Neary, Peter. Newfoundland in the North Atlantic world, 1929–1949. McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996
- O'Flaherty, Patrick. Old Newfoundland: A History to 1843. St John's: Long Beach, 1999. 284 pp.
- Pope, Peter E. Fish into Wine: The Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century. U. of North Carolina Press, 2004. 464 pp.
- Prowse, David W. (1896). A History of Newfoundland from the English, Colonial, and Foreign Records. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. ISBN 9780665514869. Приступ?ено 2025-08-07.
- Whitcomb, Dr. Ed. A Short History of Newfoundland and Labrador. Ottawa. From Sea To Sea Enterprises. Whitcomb, Edward A. (2011). A Short History of Newfoundland and Labrador. From Sea To Sea Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-9865967-3-5.
- Wright, Miriam. A Fishery for Modern Times: The State and the Industrialization of the Newfoundland Fishery, 1934–1968. Oxford U. Press, 2001. 176 pp.
- Halpert, Herbert; Widdowson, J. D. A.; Lovelace, Martin J.; and Collins, Eileen, ed. Folktales of Newfoundland: The Resilience of the Oral Tradition. New York: Garland, 1996. 1175 pp.
- Harvey, M (1900). Newfoundland in 1900. A treatise of the geography, natural resources and history of the Island, embracing an account of recent and present large material movements, finely illustrated with maps and half-tone engravings.
- Neary, Peter, and Patrick O'Flaherty, eds. By Great Waters: A Newfoundland and Labrador Anthology (1974)
- O'Flaherty, Patrick ed. The Rock Observed: Literary Responses to Newfoundland and Its People (1979)
- Rompkey, Ronald, ed. Terre-Neuve: Anthologie des Voyageurs Fran?ais, 1814–1914 [Newfoundland: anthology of French travelers, 1814–1914]. Presse University de Rennes, 2004. 304 pp.
- Smallwood, Joseph R (1973). I Chose Canada: The Memoirs of the Honourable Joseph R. "Joey" Smallwood. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 978-0-7705-1064-0.
- Kennedy, Arnold (1885). Sport and Adventure in Newfoundland and West Indies. London.
- Moses Harvey, Newfoundland, England's Oldest Colony, (London, 1897) Newfoundland in 1900. A treatise of the geography, natural resources and history of the island, embracing an account of recent and present large material movements. New York, The South Publishing Co.; St. John's, N.F., S. E. Garland. 1900.
- J. P. Howley, Mineral Resources of Newfoundland, (St. John's, 1909)
- P. T. McGrath, Newfound in 1911, (London, 1911)
- Year Book and Almanac of Newfoundland edited by J.W. Withers
Спо?аш?е везе
[уреди | уреди извор]
- Влада ?уфаундленда и Лабрадора
- Баштина ?уфаундленда и Лабрадора
- Туризам ?уфаундленда и Лабрадора
- ?Newfoundland: На?ирски?е место ван Ирске”.
- ?Архива ?уфаундленда и Лабрадора”.
- ?Terra Nova Национални парк”.
- ?Истори?а ?уфаундленда”.
- ?Статистичке информаци?е Канаде о становништву” (PDF).
- Религи?а, друштво и култура ?уфаундленда и Лабрадора
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|---|---|
| Државне | |
| Остале | |
